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Dating



Dating is a part of human mating process whereby two people meet socially for companionship. beyond the level of friendship. or with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a partner in an intimate relationship or marriage. It can be a form of courtship consisting of social activities done by the couple. While the term has several meanings, it usually refers to the act of meeting and engaging in some mutually agreed upon social activity in public, together, as a couple.



History [ edit ]



Dating as an institution is a relatively recent phenomenon which has mainly emerged in the last few centuries. From the standpoint of anthropology and sociology. dating is linked with other institutions such as marriage and the family which have also been changing rapidly and which have been subject to many forces, including advances in technology and medicine. As humans have evolved from hunter-gatherers into civilized societies and more recently into modern societies, there have been substantial changes in the relationship between men and women, with perhaps the only biological constant being that both adult women and men must have sexual intercourse for human procreation to happen. [ 3 ]



Humans have been compared to other species in terms of sexual behavior. Neurobiologist Robert Sapolsky constructed a reproductive spectrum with opposite poles being tournament species. in which males compete fiercely for reproductive privileges with females, and pair bond arrangements, in which a male and female will bond for life. [ 4 ] According to Sapolsky, humans are somewhat in the middle of this spectrum, in the sense that humans form pair bonds, but there is the possibility of cheating or changing partners. [ 4 ] These species-particular behavior patterns provide a context for aspects of human reproduction. including dating. However, one particularity of the human species is that pair bonds are often formed without necessarily having the intention of reproduction. In modern times, emphasis on the institution of marriage, generally described as a male-female bond, has obscured pair bonds formed by same-sex and transsexual couples, and that many heterosexual couples also bond for life without offspring, or that often pairs that do have offspring separate. Thus, the concept of marriage is changing widely in many countries.



Historically, marriages in most societies were arranged by parents and older relatives with the goal not being love but legacy and "economic stability and political alliances", according to anthropologists. [ 5 ] Accordingly, there was little need for a temporary trial period such as dating before a permanent community-recognized union was formed between a man and a woman. While pair-bonds of varying forms were recognized by most societies as acceptable social arrangements, marriage was reserved for heterosexual pairings and had a transactional nature, where wives were in many cases a form of property being exchanged between father and husband, and who would have to serve the function of reproduction. Communities exerted pressure on people to form pair-bonds in places such as Europe ; in China. according to sociologist Tang Can, society "demanded people get married before having a sexual relationship" [ 6 ] and many societies found that some formally recognized bond between a man and a woman was the best way of rearing and educating children as well as helping to avoid conflicts and misunderstandings regarding competition for mates.



Age disparity in sexual relationships



Age disparity in sexual relationships and sexual relationships between individuals of a significant difference in age have been documented for most of recorded history and have been regarded with a wide range of attitudes, from normalized acceptance to taboo. Concepts of these relationships and of the exact definition of a "significant" age disparity have developed over time and vary between societies, [ 1 ] legal systems (particularly with regards to the age of consent ), [ 2 ] and ethical systems. These views are rarely uniform even within cultures and are affected by views of consent. marriage. and gender roles. and by perceptions of social and economic differences between age groups.



Statistics [ edit ]



Relationships with age disparity of all kinds have been observed with both men and women as the older or younger partner. In various cultures, older men and younger women often seek one another for sexual or marital relationships. [ 5 ] Older women sometimes date younger men as well, [ 6 ] and in both cases wealth and physical attractiveness are often relevant.



Most men marry women younger than they are; with the difference being between two to three years in Spain, [ 3 ] with the UK reporting the difference to be on average about three years, and the US, two and a half. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The pattern was also confirmed for the rest of the world, with the gap being largest in Africa. [ 9 ] A study released in 2003 by the United Kingdom 's Office for National Statistics concluded that the proportion of women in England and Wales marrying younger men rose from 15% to 26% between 1963 and 1998. The study also showed a higher divorce rate as the age difference rose when the woman was older and a lower divorce rate as the age difference rose when the man was older. [ 10 ] A 2008 study, however, concluded that the difference is not significant. [ 11 ] [ 12 ]



In August 2010, Michael Dunn of the University of Wales Institute, Cardiff completed and released the results of a study on age disparity in dating. Dunn concluded that "Not once across all ages and countries. did females show a preference for males significantly younger than male preferences for females" and that there was a "consistent cross-cultural preference by women for at least same-age or significantly older men." A 2003 AARP study reported that 34% of women over 39 years old were dating younger men. [ 13 ]



A 2011 study suggested that age disparity in marriage is positively correlated with decreased longevity, particularly for women, though married individuals still have longer lifespans than singles. [ 14 ]



Reasons for age disparity [ edit ]



Explanations for age disparity usually focus on either the rational choice model or the analysis of demographic trends in a society. [ 3 ] The rational choice model suggests that people look for partners who can provide for them in their life (bread-winners); as males traditionally earn more as they get older, females will therefore prefer older men. [ 3 ] This factor is diminishing as more women enter the labor force and the gender pay gap decreases. [ 3 ] The demographic trends are concerned with the gender ratio in the society, the marriage squeeze. and migration patterns. [ 3 ] Another explanation concerns cultural values: the higher the value placed in having children, the higher the age gap will be. [ 9 ]



As people have chosen to marry later, the age differences between couples have increased as well. In other words, age differences are greater for couples who marry at a later age. [ 3 ] [ 11 ]



In a Brown University study, it has been noted that the social structure of a country determines the age difference between spouses more than any other factor. [ 1 ] One of the concerns of relationships with age disparities in some cultures is a perceived difference between people of different age ranges. These differences may be sexual, financial or social in nature. Gender roles may complicate this even further. Socially, a society with a difference in wealth distribution between older and younger people may affect the dynamics of the relationship. [ 15 ]



Modern culture [ edit ]



The "half-your-age-plus-seven" rule [ edit ]



The "never date anyone under half your age plus seven" rule is a rule of thumb sometimes used to judge whether the age differences in their potential intimate relationships are socially acceptable within a Western-oriented culture. [ 16 ] [ 17 ]



Health risks [ edit ]



In some contexts, health risks are associated with age-disparate sexual relationships. For example, in sub-Saharan Africa, young women in sexual relationships with older men may be at a high risk for contracting HIV. Power differentials between older men and younger women make it challenging for females to insist on condom use. [ 23 ]



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