Dating: Dating laws

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*2012 U. S. survey conducted for eHarmony by Harris Interactive® online, very few will be compatible with you specifically, and it can be difficult to determine the level of compatibility of a potential partner through methods of conventional dating services – browsing classified ads, online personals, or viewing profile photos. Our Compatibility Matching System does the work for you by narrowing the field from thousands of single prospects to match you with a select group of compatible matches with whom you can build a quality relationship.

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Dating

While there is no general definition of "dating", Florida law does prohibit sexual or lascivious contact between people who are of certain ages. The principal questions under the law are the ages of the people involved and the type of conduct engaged in. Conduct that violates the law can result in criminal charges whether or not the couple is dating. Further, a dating couple that doesn't engage in such conduct may not be subject to any criminal prosecutions at all.

Unlawful Activity

Whenever an adult (someone over 18) engages in sexual activity with a minor, Florida law can punish this activity as a crime. However, the ages of the parties is important. Florida Statute § 794.05 states that if the adult is 24 or older, or the minor is under 16, the adult can be charged with a felony in the second degree, with a penalty of up to 15 years in prison. This law effectively does not punish people under 24 years old who have sex with people 16 or older.

Lewd or Lascivious Molestation

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Underage marriages require the consent of a parent or legal guardian. Procedures vary among the states.

Jewish Dating

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TESTIMONIALS:

Dating

Dating is a part of human mating process whereby two people meet socially for companionship. beyond the level of friendship. or with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a partner in an intimate relationship or marriage. It can be a form of courtship consisting of social activities done by the couple. While the term has several meanings, it usually refers to the act of meeting and engaging in some mutually agreed upon social activity in public, together, as a couple.

History [ edit ]

Dating as an institution is a relatively recent phenomenon which has mainly emerged in the last few centuries. From the standpoint of anthropology and sociology. dating is linked with other institutions such as marriage and the family which have also been changing rapidly and which have been subject to many forces, including advances in technology and medicine. As humans have evolved from hunter-gatherers into civilized societies and more recently into modern societies, there have been substantial changes in the relationship between men and women, with perhaps the only biological constant being that both adult women and men must have sexual intercourse for human procreation to happen. [ 3 ]

Humans have been compared to other species in terms of sexual behavior. Neurobiologist Robert Sapolsky constructed a reproductive spectrum with opposite poles being tournament species. in which males compete fiercely for reproductive privileges with females, and pair bond arrangements, in which a male and female will bond for life. [ 4 ] According to Sapolsky, humans are somewhat in the middle of this spectrum, in the sense that humans form pair bonds, but there is the possibility of cheating or changing partners. [ 4 ] These species-particular behavior patterns provide a context for aspects of human reproduction. including dating. However, one particularity of the human species is that pair bonds are often formed without necessarily having the intention of reproduction. In modern times, emphasis on the institution of marriage, generally described as a male-female bond, has obscured pair bonds formed by same-sex and transsexual couples, and that many heterosexual couples also bond for life without offspring, or that often pairs that do have offspring separate. Thus, the concept of marriage is changing widely in many countries.

Historically, marriages in most societies were arranged by parents and older relatives with the goal not being love but legacy and "economic stability and political alliances", according to anthropologists. [ 5 ] Accordingly, there was little need for a temporary trial period such as dating before a permanent community-recognized union was formed between a man and a woman. While pair-bonds of varying forms were recognized by most societies as acceptable social arrangements, marriage was reserved for heterosexual pairings and had a transactional nature, where wives were in many cases a form of property being exchanged between father and husband, and who would have to serve the function of reproduction. Communities exerted pressure on people to form pair-bonds in places such as Europe ; in China. according to sociologist Tang Can, society "demanded people get married before having a sexual relationship" [ 6 ] and many societies found that some formally recognized bond between a man and a woman was the best way of rearing and educating children as well as helping to avoid conflicts and misunderstandings regarding competition for mates.

Missouri Divorce Laws

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Missouri Divorce Laws

RESIDENCY REQUIREMENTS AND WHERE TO FILE:

To file for a divorce in Missouri, either party must be a resident of the state for at least 90 days prior to filing. The petition shall be filed in the circuit court in the county where either party resides. [Based on Missouri Revised Statutes, Section 452.240 and 452.305.1]

LEGAL GROUNDS FOR DIVORCE:

A dissolution of marriage may be granted on the grounds that there remains no reasonable likelihood that the marriage can be preserved and that therefore the marriage is irretrievably broken. If the defendant denies that the marriage is irretrievably broken, the plaintiff must prove one or more of the following:

The respondent committed adultery and to continue the marriage would be intolerable;

The respondent has behaved in such a way that continuing the marriage would be intolerable;

The respondent abandoned the petitioner for at least six months prior to the filing of the petition;

That the parties have lived separate and apart by mutual consent for at least 12 months prior to filing;

That the parties have lived separate and apart for a continuous period of at least 24 months before filing.

[Based on Missouri Revised Statutes, Section 452.305.1 and 452.320]

LEGAL SEPARATION:

A legal separation may be granted on the same grounds as a dissolution of marriage. In a legal separation, the court may make provisions for the custody and the support of each child, the maintenance of either spouse and the disposition of property. The parties may also reach a mutual agreement on maintenance of either spouse, the division of any property owned by either of them, and the custody, support and visitation of their children. Custody, support, and visitation of the children is subject to modification. [Based on Missouri Revised Statutes, Section 452.305.1 and 452.325.1]

MEDIATION OR COUNSELING REQUIREMENTS:

When children are involved, the court may order counseling for the children. The court may also order the parties to participate in mediation to resolve any issues in dispute, except in cases of uncontested custody cases or if there is a finding of domestic abuse. [Based on Missouri Revised Statutes, Section 452.318 and 452.372]

PROPERTY DISTRIBUTION:

Missouri is an equitable distribution state, meaning that if the parties can't reach a mutual agreement concerning the division of the marital estate, the court will distribute the property and liabilities in an equitable, but not necessarily equal fashion. The court will take the following factors into consideration when making it's decision:

The economic circumstances of each spouse, including the desirability of awarding the family home or the right to live therein for reasonable periods to the spouse having custody of any children.

The contribution of each spouse to the acquisition of the marital property, including the contribution of a spouse as homemaker.

The value of the non-marital property set apart to each spouse.

The conduct of the parties during the marriage.

Custodial arrangements for minor children.

Property not subject to division is considered separate property, and includes:

Property acquired by gift, bequest, devise, or descent.

Property acquired in exchange for property acquired prior to the marriage or in exchange for property acquired by gift, bequest, devise, or descent.

Property acquired after a decree of legal separation.

Property excluded by valid written agreement of the parties.

The increase in value of property acquired prior to the marriage, unless marital assets including labor, have contributed to such increases and then only to the extent of such contributions.

[Based on Missouri Revised Statutes, Section 452.330]

ALIMONY/MAINTENANCE/SPOUSAL SUPPORT:

Maintenance may be awarded to either spouse if the court finds that the spouse seeking maintenance lacks sufficient property, to provide for his or her reasonable needs, and is unable to support himself herself through appropriate employment or is the custodian of a child whose condition or circumstances make it appropriate that the custodian not be required to seek employment outside the home. When awarding the duration and amount of maintenance, the court shall consider all relevant factors including:

The financial resources of the spouse seeking maintenance, including marital property awarded to him, and his ability to meet his needs independently, including any provisions for child support for that party as custodian;

The time necessary to acquire sufficient education or training to find appropriate employment;

The comparative earning capability of each spouse;

The standard of living established during the marriage;

The obligations and assets of each party;

The duration of the marriage;

The age, and the physical and emotional condition of the spouse seeking maintenance;

The ability of the obligated spouse to meet his needs while meeting the needs of the spouse seeking maintenance;

The conduct of the parties during the marriage; and

Any other factors that the court deems relevant.

Remarriage of the spouse receiving alimony shall relieve the other spouse from the obligation to pay alimony. [Based on Missouri Revised Statutes, Sections 452.075 and 452.335]

SPOUSE'S NAME:

Even though there is no specific statute that addresses changing a spouses name as part of a petition for dissolution of marriage, a person may petition the circuit court for a name change. The petition shall set forth the petitioner's full name, the new name desired, and a concise statement of the reason for such desired change. The court will grant the name change if such judge is satisfied that the desired change would be proper and not detrimental to the interests of any other person. [Based on Missouri Revised Statutes, Sections 527.270]

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Major Preparation Course Descriptions

(Lower Division)

Communication Studies 1: Principles of Oral Communication (Formerly Speech 1) . Enforced requisite: satisfaction of Entry-Level Writing requirement. Examination of foundations of communication and public speaking. Consideration of number of basic theories related to study of communication and development of skills to enable composition and delivery of speeches in accordance with specific rhetorical concepts. Improvement of ability to analyze, organize, and critically think about communicative messages while becoming better equipped to articulate ideas.

Communication Studies 10: Introduction to Communication Studies. Introduction to fields of mass communication and interpersonal communication. Study of modes, media, and effects of mass communication, interpersonal processes, and communication theory.

Communication Studies 15A . Production of Multimedia Software. Description of what goes into a multimedia software program; discussion of different platforms (PC, Mac, network computers, servers, and transmitters) and distribution means (CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, Internet), content organization and layout, data structure and management; and overall planning for prototype and final product.

Communication Studies 19: Fiat Lux Freshman Seminars. Discussion of and critical thinking about topics of current intellectual importance, taught by faculty members in their areas of expertise and illuminating many paths of discovery at UCLA.

Communication Studies M70: Origin of Language. (Same as German M70.) Theoretical and methodological issues surrounding origin of language. Topics include evolutionary theory, evolution of humans, how language is organized in the brain, and science of language, including physiology of speech, phonetics, and comparative reconstruction.

Communication Studies 88: Sophomore Seminar. Limited to maximum of 20 students. Readings and discussions designed to introduce students to current research in discipline. Culminating project may be required.

Communication Studies 89: Honors Seminar. Limited to a maximum of 20 students. Designed as adjunct to lower division lecture course. Exploration of topics in greater depth through supplemental readings, papers, or other activities and led by lecture course instructor. May be applied toward honors credit for eligible students. Honors content noted on transcript.

Communication Studies 89HC . Honors Contracts. Limited to students in College Honors and departmental honors programs. Designed as adjunct to lower division lecture course. Individual study with lecture course instructor to explore topics in greater depth through supplemental readings, papers, or other activities. May be repeated for maximum of 4 units. Individual honors contract required. Honors content noted on transcript.

Communication Studies 99: Student Research Program. Tutorial (supervised research or other scholarly work). Entry-level research for lower division students under guidance of faculty mentor. Students must be in good academic standing and enrolled in minimum of 12 units (excluding this course). Individual contract required; consult Undergraduate Research Center. May be repeated.

Anthropology 33: Culture and Communication. Introduction to ways in which culture and communication shape each other, with emphasis on importance of language as a symbolic and practical guide to people’s behavior and understanding of each other’s actions. Topics include language socialization, cross talk, and verbal and nonverbal communication.

Economics 1: Principles of Economics. Not open to students with credit for course 100. Introduction to principles of economic analysis, economic institutions, and issues of economic policy. Emphasis on allocation of resources and distribution of income through the price system.

Economics 5: Introductory Economics. Not open to students with credit for course 1, 2, or 100. Principles of economics as tools of analysis. Presentation of a set of concepts with which to analyze a wide range of social problems that economic theory illuminates.

Economics 41: Statistics for Economists. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Not open to students with credit for Statistics 11. Introduction to probability and statistics for economists, with emphasis on rigorous arguments.

Linguistics 1: Introduction to Study of Language. Summary for general undergraduates, of what is known about human language: unique nature of human language, structure, universality, and diversity; language in its social and cultural setting; language in relation to other aspects of human inquiry and knowledge.

Political Science 30: Introduction to Political Economy. Introduction to political economy, especially application of economic reasoning to political and social phenomena.

Political Science 40: Introduction to American Politics. Basic institutions and processes of democratic politics. Treatment of themes such as constitutionalism, representation, participation, and leadership coupled with particular emphasis on the American case.

Program in Computing 10A: Introduction to Programming. Basic principles of programming, using C ++; algorithmic, procedural problem solving; program design and development; basic data types, control structures and functions; functional arrays and pointers; introduction to classes for programmer-defined data types.

Program in Computing 10B: Intermediate Programming. Enforced requisite: course 10A. Abstract data types and their implementation using the C ++ class mechanism; dynamic data structures, including linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and hash tables; applications; object-oriented programming and software reuse; recursion; algorithms for sorting and searching.

Program in Computing 10C . Advanced Programming. Enforced requisite: course 10B. More advanced algorithms and data structuring techniques; additional emphasis on algorithmic efficiency; advanced features of C ++, such as inheritance and virtual functions; graph algorithms.

Program in Computing 20A: Principles of Java Language with Applications. Enforced requisite: course 10B. Introduction to Java computer language. Class and interface hierarchies; graphics components and graphical user interfaces; streams; multithreading; event and exception handling. Issues in class design and design of interactive Web pages.

Program in Computing 20B . Advanced Aspects of Java Language with Applications. Enforced requisite: course 20A. Further aspects of use of classes, graphics components, exception handling, multithreading, and multimedia. Additional topics may include networking, servlets, database connectivity, and JavaBeans.

Program in Computing 40A: Programming for the Internet and Multimedia. Enforced requisite: course 10B. HTML, Perl language, programming for Common Gateway Interface (CGI), other scripting languages, XML and its derivatives, programming for multimedia.

Psychology 10: Introductory Psychology. General introduction including topics in cognitive, experimental, personality, developmental, social and clinical psychology.

Sociology 1 . Introductory Sociology. Survey of characteristics of social life, processes of social interaction, and tools of sociological investigation.

Statistics 10: Elementary Statistics. Prerequisite: three years of high school mathematics. Descriptive statistics, elementary probability, random variables, binomial and normal distributions. Large and small sample inference concerning means.

Major Requirement Course Descriptions

(Upper Division)

Communication Studies 100: Communication Theory. Prerequisite: course 10 or Linguistics 1 or Sociology 1 or Psychology 10 or consent of instructor. Analysis of fundamental nature of human communication; its physical, linguistic, psychological and sociological bases. Study of theoretical models explicating the process and constituents of the communicative act.

Communication Studies 101: Freedom of Communication. Analysis of legal, political and philosophical issues entailed in the rights of free expression, access to an audience, and access to information. Study of court decisions governing freedom of communication in the U. S.

Communication Studies 102: Principles of Argumentation. Analysis of propositions, tests of evidence, and briefing. Study of hindrances to clear thinking, ambiguity of terms, and prejudices. Critical analysis of selected argumentative speeches.

Communication Studies 103A: Forensics. Basic preparation for participation in on-campus and intercollegiate forensics activities, including exposure to fundamentals of competitive forensic events. Students practice public address, interpretation of literature, debate, oratory, and extemporaneous speaking and engage in independent research and analysis.

Communication Studies 103B: Forensics. Advanced practicum in speech. Participation in on-campus and intercollegiate forensics activities, including exposure to fundamentals of competitive forensic events. Students practice public address, interpretation of literature, debate, oratory, and extemporaneous speaking and engage in independent research and analysis.

Communication Studies 104: Analysis and Briefing. Intensive study of selected political or social issues, preparation of bibliography, analysis and evaluation of issues and arguments.

Communication Studies 110: Gender and Communication. Lecture, three hours. Exploration of the role and origins of gender differences in communication; focus on contexts such as family, romance, and the workplace; discussion of how the media influence conceptions of gender.

Communication Studies 111: Conflict and Communication. Analysis of when and why conflict is prevalent in daily lives (including mass media) and how communication affects reactions to and consequences of conflict. Conflict is part of our evolutionary heritage. How well we handle various conflicts affects, to great degree, our success or failure wherever we interact with others, including intimate relations, school, and workplace.

Communication Studies 112: Current Problems in Evolution and Communication. Requisite: CS 118 or 120 or 126. Examination of contemporary issues in evolutionary communication research. Topics include design of communication systems, animal signaling, social communication, and speech production and perception.

Communication Studies M113: Nonverbal Communication and Body Language. Examination of how various forms of nonverbal communication convey meaningful information to perceivers, with focus on both production and perception of multiple communication formats (e. g. affect expression of face and body, gesture, and kinematics), with strong emphasis on body language. Readings from variety of related fields.

Communication Studies 114: Understanding Relationships. Explanation of types of communication that occur in close relationships, especially romantic relationships. In-depth coverage of variety of relationship topics, including intimacy, stages of intimate relationships, why we choose to get involved with some people as opposed to others, flirting, and self-disclosure.

Communication Studies 115: Dyadic Communication and Interpersonal Relationships. Developmental approach to study of communication in dyadic relationships. Analysis of differences in the stages of relationships in terms of communication rules and verbal and nonverbal messages.

Communication Studies 116: Communication and Conflict in Couples and Families. Examination of (1) dysfunctional communication and conflict in couples and families and (2) relationship of these processes to individual psycho-pathology, marital discord, and family disruption (e. g. separation and divorce.)

Communication Studies M117: Negotiation. (Same as Labor and Workplace Studies M117) Art and science of negotiation in securing agreements between independent parties. Theory and practice that underlies successful negotiation. Experiential course in which students learn broad array of negotiation skills, including identifying one's own (and others') communication style, identifying and incorporating components of successful negotiation, and resolving conflict between parties.

Communication Studies 118: Language and Music. Cognitive science exploration of structure and evolution of language and music and their relationships to communication, cognition, and culture.

Communication Studies 119: Voice & Its Perception. Focus on how human voice conveys information about speaker’s identity, physical characteristics, personality, and emotional state, and how listeners utilize this information to make judgments about speakers.

Communication Studies 120: Group Communication. Examination of group communication from perspectives of evolutionary psychology, communications, and psycholinguistics. Topics include evolutuion of cooperation, ingroup and outgroup dynamics, gossip, music improvisation, and conversational behavior.

Communication Studies 121: Talk and Mass Communication. In recent years there has been a sea change in broadcast news and public affairs programming. News was once packaged and presented to the audience in the form of a scripted narrative or story, but increasingly, news is organized around spontaneous interactional encounters between some combination of journalists, public figures, and ordinary citizens. This course examines a number of such interactional forms, with emphasis on news interviews, presidential press conferences, and political speeches before a live audience. Each interaction is examined from standpoint of its historical development, and its consequences for journalism, political communication, and public sphere. The primary focus is on the inner workings of each form of talk – social norms and practices that organize participation, and that distinguish forms of broadcast talk from one another and from ordinary conversation.

Communication Studies 122: Promoting Dialogue Across Diverse Worlds. Exploration of issues related to management of conflict between major areas of the world, with focus on the historical background, perception gaps, and political context. Communication approaches based on nonviolence and the management of moral conflict are offered as alternatives to a clash of civilizations.

Communication Studies M123W: Talk and the Body. (Same as Anthropology M148 and AL&TESL M161) Relationship between language and human body raises a host of interesting topics. New approaches to phenomena such as embodiment become possible when the body is analyzed, not as an isolated entity, but as a visible agent whose talk and action are lodged within both processes of human interaction and rich settings where people pursue courses of action that count in their lives.

Communication Studies 124: Psychology of Language and Gender. (Same as Women's Studies M124) Examination of current topics at intersection of gender and language. Topics include sex differentiation in language cross-culturally; sex bias in lexicon and usage; sex differences in lexicon, syntax, phonology, and nonverbal behavior; development of sex-differentiated language in children; "women's" and "men's" language in various racial/ethnic/class/sexual preference groups; and conversational interaction.

Communication Studies M125 . Talk and Social Institutions. (Same as Sociology CM125) Designed for juniors/seniors. Practices of communication and social interaction in a number of major institutional sites in contemporary society. Setting varies but may include emergency services, police and courts, medicine, news interviews, and political oratory.

Communication Studies 126: Evolution of Interpersonal Communication. Examination of current issues in interpersonal communication from perspectives of evolutionary psychology and biology. Topics include co-evolution of signaler and receiver adaptations, nonverbal communication, courtship behavior, miscommunication between sexes, implied language use, and deception.

Communication Studies M127: Animal Communication. (Same as Applied Linguistics CM127/CM292 and Anthropology M127) The evolution, functions, design, and diversity of animal communication systems, such as bird song, dolphin calls, whale song, primate social signals and human language.

Communication Studies 128: Entertainment as Implicit Pedagogy. Entertainment is a significant component of both interpersonal and mass communication. This course examines the evolutionary history, cognitive mechanisms, and social dimensions of play and entertainment, as well as their possible pedagogical effects.

Communication Studies 129: The Gaming Mind. Online computer games are becoming increasingly popular and technically sophisticated. This course explores various aspects of these games, focusing on what people learn from games, how they learn it, and whether the learning is potentially useful.

Communication Studies 130: Cultural Factors in Interpersonal Communication. Study of cultural factors as they affect the quality and processes of interpersonal communication; exercises in the participation, analysis, and criticism of inter-ethnic and interracial communications in the small-group configuration.

Communication Studies 131: Culture vs. Media? Interpret the meaning of cultural texts, analyze the representation of particular groups, and consider how audiences provide their own meanings and uses to such texts. Focus on media in relation to issues of globalization, consumption, class, race, gender, youth, and sexuality.

Communication Studies 132 . Multicultural Television. Critical evaluation of television programming and scholarly research of new developments in television. Student participation in course discussions, papers, and presentations will apply research findings to real world contexts.

Communication Studies 133: Decoding Media Strategies. Today's mass media are thriving business, central part of cultural identity, and vital component of democracy. How do these different and often conflicting functions determine content of mass media? Examination of psychological dynamics of advertising, nature of entertainment and mass culture, practice of propaganda, and changing patterns of media ownership. Assessment of impact of mass media on individuals and social institutions.

Communication Studies 134: Organizational Communication. Introduction to issues and literature related to communication within organizations. Organizational communication concerns theories (explanations) of organized behavior, conceptions of organizations, study of bureaucracy and its alternatives, metaphors for organizational communication, power, conflict, and strategic communication in organizations. Focus on behavior of individuals and teams within organizations.

Communication Studies M135: Narrative in Mass Communication. (Same as Honors Collegium M135) Examination of narrative as a primary structure of mass media, beginning with social, psychological, cultural, and rhetorical functions of storytelling and basic elements of narrative, then applying these to study of film, television, and print media.

Communication Studies 136: Media Portrayals of Gays and Lesbians. This class focuses on how the mass media have portrayed gays and lesbians and why. It will cover the media's depiction, portrayal, and handling of homosexuality, particularly focusing on how gays and lesbians have been negatively stereotyped, portraying unrealistically, and often not portrayed at all. It will explore not only how gays and lesbians have been represented, but also why certain portrayals have tended to dominate.

Communication Studies M137: Transnational Bollywood. (Same as Asian American Studies M172C) Study of how popular Bollywood cinema materializes colonial and postcolonial formations pertaining to gender, class and caste, sexuality, race, and economic liberalization in South Asia, as well as across South Asian communities in North America, U. K. and Africa. Examination of how complex relationships between Bollywood and transnational South Asian diasporas enable us to better understand South Asian American communities.

Communication Studies 138: Political Marketing. Examination of theory and practice of political marketing in U. S. and impact of such marketing on democracy to prepare students to critically analyze and evaluate communication that advances political goals, as well as to become more equipped to disseminate such messages.

Communication Studies 139: Speech and the Law: Application of Courtroom Communication Principles. Study of the theory and practice of effective communication while modeling dynamics of real-life courtroom proceedings. Critical analysis, oral argument, and debate relates to issues of morality and legal justice arising in famous criminal trials.

Communication Studies 140: Theory of Persuasive Communication. Dynamics of communication designed to influence human conduct; analysis of structure of persuasive discourse; integration of theoretical materials drawn from relevant disciplines of humanities and social sciences.

Communication Studies 141: Films of Persuasion: Social and Political Advocacy in Mass Society. Films often provide commentary about public issues. Examination of how films communicate to large audiences about history, society, and politics. Critical evaluation of these works to understand power and limitations of films as social persuasion.

Communication Studies 142: This course focuses on the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed for students to understand and address various components of diversity in organizations. Emphasis is placed on areas related to personnel, ethics, policies, initiatives, staff needs, staff development and social interrelations. Students will learn to think critically about various organizational situations. This class is designed to give students an environment to discuss diverse perspectives related to organizations. Thus, this course will explore such areas as power, gender, race, social class, sexuality, ability and age. The relationship between these areas to organizational communication concepts such as assimilation and socialization, power, culture, employee conflict and relationships will be explored.

Communication Studies 143: Rhetoric of Popular Culture. Rhetorical approach to study of U. S. popular culture. Examination, both at theoretical level and through specific case studies, of ways in which popular cultural texts perform rhetorically to influence political and social struggles shaping everyday life. How do particular artifacts or communicative texts constitute source for (re)negotiation of cultural meanings as well as greater understanding of ways language functions as vehicle for human action. Letter grading.

Communication Studies M144A-M144B: Conversational Structures I, II. (Same as Sociology CM124A-CM124B)

M144A. Introduction to some structures that are employed in organization of conversational interaction, such as turn-taking organization, organization of repair, and some basic sequence structures with limited expansions.

M144B. Consideration of some more expanded sequence structures, story structures, topical sequences, and overall structural organization of single conversations.

Communication Studies 145: Situation Comedy and American Culture. Historical analysis of sitcom genre from its beginning in late 1940s to present. Investigation of how sitcoms have influenced American life and culture and how American life and culture have influenced sitcoms. Exploration of issues of family, race and ethnicity, class and economy, gender roles, and political culture.

Communication Studies 146: Evolution of Mass Media Images. Analysis of evolutionary psychology as basis for images selected by media portraying women and/or minorities in entertainment, advertising, and informational communication.

Communication Studies M147: Sociology of Mass Communication. (Same as Sociology M176) Studies in relationship between mass communication and social organization. Topics include history and organization of major media institutions, social forces that shape production of mass media news and entertainment, selected studies in media content, and effects of media on society.

Communication Studies 148: Marketing, Advertising and Human Nature. Marketing, Advertising, and Behavior from the viewpoint of evolutionary psychology and biology. Includes analysis of motives, patterns of consumption, current marketing strategies and marketing myths, and the contents and effectiveness of advertising.

Communication Studies M149: Media: Gender, Race, Class & Sexuality. (Same as Women's Studies M149 and Labor and Workplace Studies M149) Communication Studies and Women's Studies majors. Examination of manner in which media culture induces people to perceive various dominant and dominated and/or colonized groups of people. Ways in which women, gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered, racial, and ethnic marginalized peoples, class relations, and other subaltern or subordinated groups are presented and often misrepresented in media. Investigation and employment of practical applications of communications and feminist theories for understanding ideological nature of stereotyping and politics of representation through use of media, guest presentations, lectures, class discussions, and readings. Introduction to theory and practice of cultural studies.

Communication Studies 150: Methodologies in Communication Research. Critical studies of quantitative and qualitative methodologies in communication research.

Communication Studies 151: Computer-Mediated Communication. Examination of how computer technology, particularly the Internet, has influenced patterns of human communication. History and distinctiveness of computer-mediated communication (CMC.) CMC's influence on modern economic, political, and social interaction.

Communication Studies 152: Analysis of Communication Effects. Prerequisite: course 100 or consent of instructor. Survey of experimental and field research on effects of communications. Study of source, message, and environmental factors affecting audience response.

Communication Studies 153: The Media and Aggression Against Women. (Same as Women’s Studies M153) Prerequisite: course 152 or consent of instructor. Social scientific study of intersection between mass media and men’s aggression against women. Particular consideration of sexual aggression, pornography, and characteristics of aggressive men. Analysis of interaction between “nature and nurture.”

Communication Studies 154: Social Communication and the New Technology. The Internet's digital core was designed for military command. Yet the emerging network was gradually co-opted to perform communicative functions such as gossip, dating, news, entertainment, and trade. Exploration of the history, social effects, and possible futures of digital communication.

Communication Studies 155 . Social Impact of the New Electronic Media. Examination of the evolution and social implications of new information and communication technologies (ICTs). The development of various technologies are reviewed, and major social issues and changes associated with their use are considered.

Communication Studies 156: Social Networking. Investigation of how new online social networks have facilitated interpersonal interactions for knowledge sharing, romance, business, politics, and entertainment. Critical investigation of current popular social networking websites (e. g. Facebook, MySpace, Friendster, You Tube) through social network analysis and other social science research methods.

Communication Studies 157: Celebrity, Fame, and Social Media. Analysis of how following the personal lives of media created celebrities impacts self-esteem, connectedness, and personal relationships from cultural studies an social science perspectives, and how entities cultivate celebrity for financial gain. Topic areas include celebrity gossip and privacy, news sharing, public relations, and the impact of social media on fan support, image construction, and damage control.

Communication Studies 158: Evolution of Communication Technology. Study the role assigned to technology in theories of communication. Examination of current information age and advance in communication technology throughout history. Survey of origins and societal implications of major development starting with the emergence of speech itself.

Communication Studies 159: Pornography and Evolution. (Same as Women’s Studies M159) Theories and research on why pornography exists and its effects. This topic is used to illustrate the value of evolutionary theory to the social sciences.

Communication Studies 160: Political Communication. Study of nature and function of communication in the political sphere; analysis of contemporary and historical communications within established political institutions; state papers; deliberative discourses; electoral campaigns.

Communication Studies M161: Electoral Politics: Mass Media and Elections (Same as Political Science M141D) Prerequisite: course 160. Assessment of manner in which Americans' political beliefs, choices, and actions are influenced by mass media presentations, particularly during election campaigns. Topics include processes of political attitude formation and change, different types of media "effects," and role of the media in the American political process.

Communication Studies 162: Presidential Communication. Examination of the historical evolution of the president’s communication environment, resources, and strategies, as well as how presidential campaign communication has evolved over time, and the implications for how presidents govern.

Communication Studies 163: Public Diplomacy: Communicating U. S. Ideas to Foreign Citizenry. Requisite: course 179. Exploration of relationship of communications techniques, power, and principles in connection with U. S. efforts to project ideas to foreign publics in 20th and 21st centuries. Discussion of intersection of foreign relations, public relations, journalism, and other forms of communication.

Communication Studies 164: Entertainment Law. Lecture, three hours. Various issues in entertainment industry, with primary focus on business, legal, and free speech-related concepts.

Communication Studies M165 . Agitational Communication (Same as Labor and Workplace Studies M175). Theory of agitation; agitation as a force for change in existing institutions and policies in a democratic society. Intensive study of selected agitational movements and the technique and content of their communications.

Communication Studies 166 . Communicative Dynamics in Film and TV Production. Identification of how motivation and creativity interact with business interest, research, and policies in producing entertainment for the media market.

Communication Studies 167 . Sex, Politics, and Race: Free Speech on Campus. Focus on concept of freedom of expression on campus during postsecondary education. How First Amendment, case law, and federal and state statutes affect students' and teachers' abilities to speak on and off campus. Discussion of harassment and campus speech codes, campus demonstrations, student publications, student conduct regulations, and restrictions on displays of art and academic freedom.

Communication Studies 168 . Free Speech in Advertising. Exploration of First Amendment and commercial speech within context of product and service advertising (e. g. vice products such as tobacco, alcohol, illegal drugs, gambling; pharmaceutical drugs; and political advertisements). Examination of when, where, and how (time/place/manner) restrictions imposed on advertising and commercial speech, with specific reference to shopping malls, news tabloid racks, and billboards, among other places.

Communication Studies M169 . Critical Vision: History of Art as Social and Political Commentary. (Same as Honors Collegium M179) Seminar, three hours. Study of tradition of visual arts (painting, graphic art, photography, sculpture) as vehicles for social and political commentary.

Communication Studies 170: Legal Communication. Study of trial and appellate processes as systems of communication. Analysis of elements of the juridical process as they affect the quality of communication content. Study of rules of evidence, jury behavior, and structure of legal discourse.

Communication Studies 171 . Theories of Freedom of Speech and Press. Requisites: course 101 or consent of instructor. Exploration of relationship between the freedoms of speech and press and values of liberty, self-realization, self-government, truth, dignity, respect, justice, equality, association and community. Study of the significance of these values examined in connection with issues such as obscenity, defamation, access to the media, and control of commercial, corporate, and government speech.

Communication Studies M172 . Free Speech in Workplace. (Same as Labor and Workplace Studies M172) Focus on concept of freedom of expression in workplace and how First Amendment, case law, and federal and state statutes affect one's ability to speak at work. Conflict between discrimination law and ability to speak freely at work as well as meaning and limits of academic freedom.

Communication Studies 173: Communicating Complex Policy. Various media offer different comparative advantages/disadvantages for the transmission of messages. Specific kinds of print media and video media, not to mention new media, offer opportunities and problems when the content is complex and/or scholarly. Goal: to develop media-complexity typologies.

Communication Studies 174: Trial by Jury: A Communication Perspective. A study of the American jury trial system as a communication process. Examination of the impact of courtroom television, paid jury consultants, and celebrity prosecutions upon the system’s communication dynamics and the search for truth. Review of communication research and empirical data in an effort to decide whether the American jury system places too much emphasis on winning and not enough on seeking the truth.

Communication Studies 175: Criticism and the Public Arts. Introduction to methods and problems of criticism in the public arts. Study of several types of critical methods: formalistic, analogue, pragmatic, and aesthetic criticism. Topics include definition of art and criticism, aesthetic media, genre and resources of film, television, theater and public discourse, varieties of critical methods, problems of critical judgment.

Communication Studies M176: Visual Communication and Social Advocacy. (Same as Labor and Workplace Studies M176) Visual communication reaches diverse audiences in communicating major social and political topics. Cartoons, posters, murals, and documentary photography have had a powerful world impact. Survey of all four genres of visual communications as features of modern mass media.

Communication Studies 177: Libel and Freedom of Expression. Intensive study of law of defamation and its relationship to the free flow of information in a democracy. Examination of rationale, scope and effects of libel laws. Topics include the application of libel laws to public officials, public figures and private plaintiffs and media and nonmedia defendants; group libel, privileged libel and libelous fiction.

Communication Studies 178: Propaganda & the Media. Examination of the nature of propaganda, the institutional structure of the American media, and the relationship between propaganda and the American news media. The course looks at the history of propaganda in America (from the World War I era forward), competing theories of democracy and the media, and the role of corporations in propaganda and news.

Communication Studies 179: Images of the USA. Awareness of the United States’ international role necessitates a clear understanding of the way our nation is perceived by others. An exploration of the roots of the USA’s images in the minds of people abroad. Analysis of influences contributing to the images and the ways in which the images affect practical matters.

Communication Studies 180 . Politics of Censorship. Prerequisites: course 101, consent of instructor. Examination of the process and substance of debates over government and private censorship, by having students become active participants in a term-long simulated battle over a current issue, such as book censorship, pornography, or UNESCO's proposed "New World Information Order."

Communication Studies 181 . Stereotypes in Mass Media. Overview of stereotypes in mass media and effects of stereotypical imagery on viewers. Discussion of structural and social origins of stereotypic media from multiple perspectives, with focus on published scholarship that systematically assesses content and effects of racial representations from social scientific perspective and portrayal of African Americans. Exploration of intersections between race, ethnicity, class, and gender. P/NP or letter grading.

Communication Studies 182 . Non Verbal Communication in Architecture. Considers how elements of design and style of buildings in architectural history send messages to viewers and users of buildings.

Communication Studies 183 . Media and the Mind. Investigation of media persuasion and entertainment appeal through three intersecting approaches: study of cognition. reflection on personal experience, and hands-on analysis of television, film, and radio. Topics include perception, imagination, narrative, play, emotion, and dreams. Students collaborate with each other to assemble media critiques and create their own short stories. P/NP or letter grading.

Communication Studies 184: Abortion, Death Penalty, and Gun Control: Arguing Contemporary Social Issues (4) Lecture, four hours. Focus on variety of hot-button contemporary social issues to provide students with knowledge of arguments on both sides of issues covered, with emphasis on sound reasoning to support various arguments. P/NP or letter grading.

Communication Studies 185: Field Studies in Communication (2 to 4 units, maximum of 8 units) Designed for juniors/seniors. Fieldwork in communication. Students participate in two-hour seminar sessions and spend seven hours in approved community settings each week for each two units of credit. May be repeated for a maximum of eight units.

Communication Studies 186 . Mass Media, Public Opinion, & Foreign Policy. Investigation of the various means through which the mass media and public opinion influence foreign policy. The goal is to develop a coherent view of the interaction between the media, public opinion, and politicians with respect to foreign affairs.

Communication Studies 187 . Ethical and Policy Issues in Institutions of Mass Communication. Intensive examination of ethical and policy issues arising from interaction of media institutions (print, film, broadcasting, and new technologies) and societal institutions (Congress, federal agencies, courts, the Presidency, schools, churches, political action groups, advertisers, and audiences.)

Communication Studies 188A . Variable Topics in Mass Communication. Lecture, three hours. Selected Topics. Consult Schedule of Classes for topics to be offered in a specific term.

Communication Studies 188B . Variable Topics in Interpersonal Communication. Lecture, three hours. Selected Topics. Consult Schedule of Classes for topics to be offered in a specific term.

Communication Studies 188C . Variable Topics in Communication Technology and Digital Systems. Lecture, three hours. Selected Topics. Consult Schedule of Classes for topics to be offered in a specific term.

Communication Studies 188D . Variable Topics in Political and Legal Communication. Lecture, three hours. Selected Topics. Consult Schedule of Classes for topics to be offered in a specific term.

Communication Studies 189 . Advanced Honors Seminars. Limited to 20 students. Designed as adjunct to undergraduate lecture course. Exploration of topics in greater depth through supplemental readings, papers, or other activities and led by lecture course instructor. May be applied toward honors credit for eligible students. Honors content noted on transcript.

Communication Studies 189HC . Honors Contracts. Tutorial. Limited to students in College Honors and departmental honors programs. Designed as adjunct to upper division lecture course. Individual study with lecture course instructor to explore topics in greater depth through supplemental readings, papers, or other activities. May be repeated for maximum of 4 units. Individual honors contract required. Honors content noted on transcript.

Communication Studies 191A: Variable Topics Research Seminars: Mass Communication. Seminar, three hours. Selected Topics. Consult Schedule of Classes for topics to be offered in a specific term.

Communication Studies 191B: Variable Topics Research Seminars: Interpersonal Communication. Seminar, three hours. Selected Topics. Consult Schedule of Classes for topics to be offered in a specific term.

Communication Studies 191C: Variable Topics Research Seminars: Communication Technology and Digital Systems. Seminar, three hours. Selected Topics. Consult Schedule of Classes for topics to be offered in a specific term.

Communication Studies 191D: Variable Topics Research Seminars: Political and Legal Communication. Seminar, three hours. Selected Topics. Consult Schedule of Classes for topics to be offered in a specific term.

Communication Studies 194: Research Group Seminar. Discussion of research methods and current literature in the field of communication studies or discussion of faculty’s or student’s own research.

Communication Studies 198 A, B, C . Honors Research.

198A. Requisites: courses 10, 150. Limited to junior/senior majors. Development of comprehensive research project under direct supervision of faculty member.

198B. Requisite: course 198A. Continuation of work initiated in course 198A. Presentation of summary of data gathered on relevant progress to supervising faculty member.

198C. Requisite: course 198B. Completion of research developed in courses 198A, 198B. Presentation of honors project to supervising faculty member. Individual contract required.

Communication Studies 199: Directed Research. Supervised individual research or investigation under guidance of a faculty mentor.

Anthropology 135A: Introduction to Psychological Anthropology: Historical Development. Prerequisite: course 9 or consent of instructor. Survey of the field of psychological anthropology, with emphasis on early foundations and historical development of the field. Topics include study of personality, pathology and deviance, altered states of consciousness, cognition, motivation, and emotion in different cultural settings.

Anthropology 135B: Introduction to Psychological Anthropology: Current Topics and Research. Prerequisite: upper division standing or consent of instructor. Survey of the field of psychological anthropology, with emphasis on current topics and research. Topics include study of personality, pathology and deviance, altered states of consciousness, cognition, motivation, and emotion in different cultural settings.

Anthropology M140: Language in Culture. (Same as Linguistics M146) Prerequisite: upper division standing or consent of instructor. Study of language as an aspect of culture; the relation of habitual thought and behavior to language; and language and the classification of experience. Holistic approach to study of language, with emphasis on relationship of linguistic anthropology to fields of biological, cultural and social anthropology, as well as archaeology.

Anthropology 141: Ethnography of Everyday Speech. Prerequisites: course 33, upper division standing or consent of instructor. Course has two interrelated objectives: to introduce students to ethnography of communication -- description and analysis of situated communicative behavior -- and the sociocultural knowledge which it reflects and (2) to train students to recognize, describe and analyze the relevant linguistic, proxemic and kinesic aspects of face-to-face interaction.

Anthropology 142A-142B . Microethnography of Communication. Course 142A or Sociology CM124A or consent of instructor is prerequisite to 142B. Students make primary records (sound tape, videotape or film) of naturally occurring social interactions, which are analyzed in class for the interactive tasks, resources and accomplishments displayed. Laboratory and fieldwork outside of class and minimal fees to offset costs of equipment maintenance and insurance required.

Anthropology 142B: Human Social Ethology. See Anthropology 142A.

Anthropology M145: Afro-American Sociolinguistics: Black English. (Same as Afro-American studies M166) Basic information on Black American English, an important minority dialect in the U. S. Social implications of minority dialects examined from perspectives of their genesis, maintenance and social functions. General problems and issues in the fields of sociolinguistics examined through a case-study approach.

English 115A: American Popular Literature. Prerequisite: satisfaction of Subject A requirement. Study of main currents of popular and cultural taste as reflected in such genres as dime novels, detective fiction and Western stories.

Film/Television 106A . History of the American Motion Picture. Historical and critical survey, with examples, of the American motion picture both as a developing art form and as a medium of mass communication.

Film/Television 108 . History of Documentary Film. Philosophy of documentary approach in the motion picture. Development of critical standards and examination of techniques of teaching and persuasion used in selected documentary, educational and propaganda films.

Film/Television 110A: History of Broadcasting. Critical survey of broadcasting here and abroad. Consideration of social responsibilities and educational implications of broadcasting.

Film/Television 116: Film Criticism. Study of and practice in film criticism.

Geography 138: Place, Identity, and the Networked World. Communications technologies, such as personal computers and Internet, seem to be connected to dramatic changes in identities of people, groups, and places. Exploration of those changes and their implications for social institutions and human values and practices.

History 140A: U. S. 20th Century. Political, economic, intellectual and cultural aspects of American democracy. 1900 to 1928.

History 140B . U. S. 20th Century. 1929 to 1945.

History 140C: The United States Since 1945. History of the political, social and diplomatic developments that have shaped the United States since 1945.

History 142A: Intellectual History of the U. S. Principal ideas about humans and God, nature and society, which have been at work in American history. Sources of these ideas, their connections with one another, their relationship to American life, and their expression in great documents of American thought.

History 142B: Intellectual History of the U. S. See History 142A.

History 147A: American Social History, 1750-1860. Historical analysis of American society and culture, with emphasis on the family, religious values, Afro-American life, women's work, urbanization and industrialization, immigration and nativism, and movements for social reform.

History 147B: American Social History, 1860-1960. See History 147A.

Linguistics 103 . Introduction to General Phonetics. Prerequisite: one prior linguistics course or course 20 concurrently. Phonetics of a variety of languages and phonetic phenomena that occur in languages of the world. Extensive practice in perception and production of such phenomena.

Linguistics 170: Language and Society: Introduction to Socio-Linguistics. Prerequisite: course 20 or consent of instructor. Study of the patterned covariation of language and society; social dialects and social styles in language; problems of multilingual societies.

Philosophy 172: Philosophy of Language and Communication. Prerequisites: two relevant philosophy or linguistics courses or consent of instructor. Theories of meaning and communication; how words refer to things; limits of meaningfulness; analysis of speech acts; relation of everyday language to scientific discoveries.

Political Science

Political Science 114A: American Political Thought. Exposition and critical analysis of American political thinkers from the Puritan period to 1865.

Political Science 114B . American Political Thought. Prerequisite: course 114A or consent of instructor. Exposition and critical analysis of American political thinkers from 1865 to present.

Political Science 141A: Political Psychology. (Same as Psychology M138.) Lecture, three or four hours; discussion, one hour (when scheduled). Requisite: course 40. Designed for juniors/seniors. Examination of political behavior, political socialization, personality and politics, racial conflict, and psychological analysis of public opinion on these issues. P/NP or letter grading.

Political Science 141B: Public Opinion and Voting Behavior. Prerequisite: course 40. Study of character and formation of political attitudes and public opinion. Role of public opinion in elections, relationship of political attitudes to the vote decision, and influence of public opinion on public policy formulation.

Political Science 141C: Political Behavior Analysis. Lecture, three or four hours; discussion, one hour (when scheduled). Requisites: courses 6, 40, 141B. Designed for juniors/seniors. Advanced course in use of quantitative methods in study of political behavior, especially in relation to voting patterns, political participation, and techniques of political action. Students conduct computer-aided analyses of issues and problems treated in course 141B and similar courses. P/NP or letter grading.

Political Science 141E: Elections, Media, and Strategy. Lecture, three or four hours; discussion, one hour (when scheduled). Requisite: course 30. Designed for juniors/seniors. Analysis of elections and media, including game-theoretic analysis, Downs spatial model of elections, valence characteristics in elections, campaign finance, endogeneity problems in social sciences, liberal bias in media, industrial organization of news industry, and effects of media on voter decisions. May be applied toward Field III or V. P/NP or letter grading.

Political Science M142D: Understanding Public Issue Life Cycle. (Formerly numbered 142D.) (Same as Public Policy M127) Lecture, three or four hours; discussion, one hour (when scheduled). Recommended preparation: courses 10, 40, and one course from Economics 1, 2, 5, 11, 100, or 101. Examination of how public issue life cycle is shaped by (1) economic and political incentives of various actors--business, news media, mass public, organized interests, Congress, the president, regulatory agencies, and courts and (2) ideology, cognitive biases, and ethical reasoning.

Psychology 135: Social Psychology. Prerequisite: courses 10, 41, junior standing. Interrelationships between the individual and his/her social environment. Social influences upon motivation, perception, and behavior. The development and change of attitudes and opinions. Psychological analysis of small groups, social stratification, and mass phenomena.

Psychology 137C: Close Relationships. Prerequisites: courses 10, 41, 135. Examination of research and theory about friendship, dating, and marriage, with emphasis on how these relationships are affected by gender and changing sex roles.

Psychology 137I: Interpersonal Influence and Social Power. Prerequisite: course 135. Theory and research focusing on how people influence one another and resist such influence, and on the bases of social power. Motivations and effects of influence for the powerholder and target of influence. Applications to such problems and issues as power and leadership in organizations, interpersonal influence and health, power relationships in the family, interpersonal influence in everyday life, social power of political figures.

Psychology M165: The Psychology of Gender. (Same as Women's Studies M165) Consideration of psychological literature relevant to understanding contemporary sex differences. Topics include sex-role development and role conflict, physiological and personality differences between men and women, sex differences in intellectual abilities and achievement, and the impact of gender on social interaction.

Psychology 177: Counseling Relationships. Prerequisites: courses 10, 41, 127, junior or senior standing, and consent of instructor, or junior or senior psychology major standing. Conceptual and empirical foundations of psychological counseling; comparison of alternative models of counseling processes. Emphasis on counseling approaches in community mental health areas such as drug abuse, suicide prevention, and crisis intervention.

Psychology 178: Human Motivation. Prerequisite: upper division standing. Examination of theories of human motivation, experimental findings supporting the theories, and history of study of motivation. Topics include sociobiology, conflict, aspiration level, achievement strivings, and causal attributions.

Sociology 132: Social Psychology: Sociological Approaches. Survey of contribution of sociologists to theory and research in social psychology, including theories of social control; conformity and deviation; reference groups; and interaction process.

Sociology 133: Collective Behavior. Prerequisites: courses 1, 18 or equivalent, upper division standing. Characteristics of crowds, mobs, publics, social movements and revolutions; their relation to social unrest and their role in developing and changing social organization.

Sociology 134 . Culture and Personality. Prerequisites: courses 1, 18 or equivalent, upper division standing. Theories of relation of variations in personality to culture and group life, in primitive and modern societies, and influence of social role on behavior.

Sociology 156: Ethnic and Status Groups. Characteristics of "visible" ethnic groups (e. g. Japanese, Mexican and black); their organization, acculturation and differentiation. Development, operation and effects of selective immigration and population mobility. Status of chief minorities in the continental U. S. with comparative materials from Jamaica, Hawaii and other areas.

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