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BASE jumping
Contents
History [ edit ]
The acronym "B. A.S. E." (now more commonly "BASE") was coined by filmmaker Carl Boenish. his wife Jean Boenish, Phil Smith, and Phil Mayfield. [ 5 ] Carl Boenish was the catalyst behind modern BASE jumping, and in 1978, he filmed the first BASE jumps to be made using ram-air parachutes and the freefall tracking technique (from El Capitan. in Yosemite National Park ). [ 6 ] While BASE jumps had been made prior to that time, the El Capitan activity was the effective birth of what is now called BASE jumping.
BASE numbers are awarded to those who have made at least one jump from each of the four categories (buildings, antennas, spans and earth). When Phil Smith and Phil Mayfield jumped together from a Houston skyscraper on 18 January 1981, they became the first to attain the exclusive BASE numbers (BASE #1 and #2, respectively), having already jumped from an antenna, spans. and earthen objects. Jean and Carl Boenish qualified for BASE numbers 3 and 4 soon after. A separate "award" was soon enacted for Night BASE jumping when Mayfield completed each category at night, becoming Night BASE #1, with Smith qualifying a few weeks later.
During the early eighties, nearly all BASE jumps were made using standard skydiving equipment, including two parachutes (main and reserve), and deployment components. Later on, specialized equipment and techniques were developed specifically for the unique needs of BASE jumping.
Jumpers from a cliff
Upon completing a jump from all of the four object categories, a jumper may choose to apply for a "BASE number", which are awarded sequentially. [ 7 ] BASE #1 was awarded to Phil Smith of Houston, Texas in 1981. The 1000th application for a BASE number was filed in March 2005 and BASE #1000 was awarded to Matt "Harley" Moilanen of Grand Rapids, Michigan. As of February 2014 [update]. over 1,700 BASE numbers have been issued. [ 8 ]
BASE jumping is often featured in action movies. The 2002 Vin Diesel film xXx includes a scene where Diesel's character catapults himself off the Foresthill Bridge in an open-topped car, landing safely as the car crashes on the ground. In the movie Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life . includes the scene in which the main characters jump with wing suits from the IFC Tower in Hong Kong and fly over the Bank of China, finally opening their parachutes to land on a moving freighter. The stunt was done live, with no special effects, by base jumpers Martin Rosen and Per Eriksson, members of the Swedish "Team Bautasten". The scene was filmed by air-to-air camera man Mikael Nordqvist from the same team. Since the 1976 Mount Asgard jump featured in the pre-credits sequence to The Spy Who Loved Me . James Bond movies have featured several BASE jumps, including one from the Eiffel Tower in 1985's A View to a Kill . the Rock of Gibraltar in 1987's The Living Daylights . and in Die Another Day . 2002, Pierce Brosnan as James Bond jumps from a melting iceberg. Of the James Bond jumps only the Mt Asgard and Eiffel Tower jumps were filmed live; the rest were special effects. And in 2005's "Batman Begins ", Bruce Wayne uses BASE jumping as inspiration for his memory cloth cape. A series of BASE jumps are featured in the video for a remix of M83 's "Lower Your Eyelids to Die With the Sun". [ 9 ]
Guinness World Records first listed a BASE jumping record with Carl Boenish 's 1984 leap from Trollveggen (Troll Wall ) in Norway. It was described as the highest BASE jump. [ 10 ] (The jump was made two days before Boenish's death at the same site.) This record category is still in the Guinness book and is currently held by Australians Glenn Singleman and Heather Swan with a jump from Meru Peak in northern India at a starting elevation of 6,604 metres (21,667 ft). [ 11 ] On July 8, 2006 Captain Daniel G. Schilling set the Guinness World Record for the most BASE jumps in a twenty-four hour period. Schilling jumped off the Perrine Bridge in Twin Falls, Idaho a record 201 times.
BASE competitions have been held since the early 1980s, with accurate landings or free fall aerobatics used as the judging criteria. Recent years have seen a formal competition held at the 452 metres (1,483 ft) high Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, judged on landing accuracy. [ citation needed ]
In 2010 North west Norway celebrated with a world record with 53 Base jumpers jumping from a cliff. [ citation needed ]
Timeline of notable jumps [ edit ]
In 1912, Franz Reichelt. tailor, jumped from the first deck of the Eiffel Tower testing his invention, the coat parachute. He died. It was his first ever attempt with the parachute and both the authorities and the spectators believed he intended to test it using a dummy. [ 12 ]
In 1913, Stefan Banic jumped from a 12 m building in order to demonstrate his new parachute to the U. S. Patent Office and military. Subsequently this design became standard equipment for U. S. pilots during the World War I. [ citation needed ]
In 1913, a Russian student Vladimir Ossovski (Владимир Оссовский), from the Saint-Petersburg Conservatory, jumped from the 53-meter high bridge over the river Seine in Rouen (France), using the parachute RK-1, invented a year before that by Gleb Kotelnikov (1872–1944). Ossovski planned to jump from the Eiffel Tower too, but the Parisian authorities did not allow it. [ 13 ]
In 1965, Erich Felbermayr from Wels jumped from the Kleine Zinne / Cima piccola di Lavaredo in the Dolomites. [ 14 ]
In 1966, Michael Pelkey and Brian Schubert jumped from the cliff "El Capitan " in Yosemite Valley. [ 15 ]
On January 31, 1972, Rick Sylvester skied off Yosemite Valley's El Capitan cliff, making the first skiBASE jump (only he termed it a "ski/parachute jump" since the acronym BASE had yet to be coined), falling approximately halfway down, about 1500', before deploying his Thunderbow chute. He did this twice more, approximately two weeks later and a year later. [ citation needed ]
On 9 November 1975, the first person to parachute off the CN Tower in Toronto. Canada, was Bill Eustace, a member of the tower's construction crew. He was fired. [ 16 ]
In 1975, Owen J. Quinn. a jobless man, parachuted from the south tower of the World Trade Center to publicize the plight of the unemployed. [ 17 ]
In 1976 Rick Sylvester skied off Canada's Mount Asgard for the ski chase sequence of the James Bond movie The Spy Who Loved Me . giving the wider world its first look at BASE jumping. [ 18 ]
On February 22, 1982, Wayne Allwood, an Australian skydiving accuracy champion, parachuted from a helicopter over the Sydney CBD and landed on the small top area of Sydney's Centrepoint Tower. approximately 300 metres (980 ft) above the ground. Upon landing, Allwood discarded and secured his parachute, then used a full-sized reserve parachute to BASE jump into Hyde Park below. [ 19 ] Video footage is also included in the Australian Base Associations' 2001 video compilation, Fistful of F-111 .
In 1987 Steve Dines (Australian) BASE 157 Made the first jump from the top of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. [ citation needed ]
In 1990 Russell Powell (British) BASE 230 illegally jumped from the Whispering Gallery inside St Paul's Cathedral London. It was the lowest indoor BASE Jump in the world at 31.1 m. [ 20 ]
In 1990 Australian Mark Scott BASE# 165 / OZ BASE # 13 / SA BASE #1 made the first BASE Jump off London's Canary Wharf Tower 4 days before the topping out ceremony. [ 20 ] "
On August 26, 1992 Nic Feteris and Glenn Singleman (two Australians) made a BASE jump from an altitude of 20,600 feet (6286 meters) jump off Great Trango Towers Pakistan. It was the world's highest BASE jump off the earth at the time. [ citation needed ]
In 2000, Hannes Arch and Ueli Gegenschatz were the first to dare a BASE jump from the imposing 1800-metre high north face of the Eiger. [ citation needed ]
In 2005, Karina Hollekim became the first woman to perform a ski-BASE.
In April 2008, Herve Le Gallou and David McDonnell infiltrated Burj Khalifa. and jumped off a balcony on the 155th floor. They evaded arrest following their successful jump. However, on a second attempt two days later, Le Gallou was caught and subsequently detained in Dubai for three months. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ]
In 2009, three women—29 year old Australian Livia Dickie, 28-year-old Venezuelan Ana Isabel Dao, and 32-year-old Norwegian Anniken Binz [ 24 ] — base jumped from Angel Falls. the highest waterfall in the world. Ana Isabel Dao was the first Venezuelan woman to jump off Angel Falls. [ 25 ]
On 8 January 2010, Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan broke the then current world record for the highest building BASE jump after they leapt from a crane suspended platform attached to the Burj Khalifa 's 160th floor at 672 metres (2,205 ft). [ 26 ]
On 5 May 2013, Russian Valery Rozov. 48, jumped off Changtse ’s north face from a height of 7,220 metres (23,690 ft). Using a specially-developed wing suit, he flew to the Rongbuk glacier breaking the world record for highest base jump. [ 27 ]
In September 2013, 3 men jumped off the then-under-construction One World Trade Center in New York City. Footage of their jump was recorded using headcams and can be seen on YouTube. [ 28 ] In March 2014 the 3 jumpers and one accomplice on the ground were arrested after turning themselves in. [ 29 ] [ 30 ]
On April 21, 2014, Fred Fugen and Vince Reffet (both from France) broke the Guinness World Record for Highest BASE Jump From A Building with a jump of 828 m (2,716 ft 6 in). They performed the jump off the Burj Khalifa tower in Dubai, UAE. [ 31 ] [ 32 ]
On May 27, 2014, Whisper became the world's first Wingsuit BASE jumping dog. [ 33 ]
On August 21, 2014, Ramon Rojas of Chile broke the record for highest Earth-based jump, 4,100 metres (13,500 ft) off of Cerro El Plomo. [ 34 ]
However, these and other sporadic incidents were one-time experiments, not the systematic pursuit of a new form of parachuting. After 1978, the filmed jumps from El Capitan were repeated, not as a publicity exercise or as a movie stunt, but as a true recreational activity. It was this that popularised BASE jumping more widely among parachutists. [ citation needed ] Carl Boenish continued to publish films and informational magazines on BASE jumping until his death in 1984 after a BASE-jump off of the Troll Wall. By this time, the concept had spread among skydivers worldwide, with hundreds of participants making fixed-object jumps.
Comparison with skydiving [ edit ]
In this dictionary I have attempted to provide a text which explains many of terms associated with fortifications which were used between the Iron Age and the 18th century. There are a great number of texts on the subject of castles and other fortifications of the period stated but few, if any, modern texts to my knowledge which specifically explain the terminology used to describe them.
With this book I have not sought to provide a preferred definition but to present how the terms have been used in the past, and how they are used today. The objective of this book is for helpful reference for study or discussion concerning the development and the historical significance of military architecture, and therefore all words and meanings pertaining to the subject qualify for inclusion.
Not everyone is likely to agree completely with my selection of terms, likewise, there will be disagreements over some of the definitions, particularly where I had to be arbitrary in my selection between conflicting authorities. Nevertheless, I accept responsibility for all errors and omissions, and would welcome notice of them.
Stephen Francis Wyley
24th August 1990
Acknowledgments.
I would like to thank the following people for their support, encouragement, impertus, and contributions to this work:
Leigh Campbell, Elizabeth Cowling, Michelle Holian, Jim Kaufmann
Steven Lowe, John Slone.
Notes on use
The entries are in strict alphabetical order, ignoring all punctuation and word breaks. Reversed phases are listed only when the natural order might be hard to find.
The representation of some of the Arabic and Spanish words into English have been hampered by the composing software used.
In general, where the origin of the entries can be traced with some certainty, the language is indicated at the end of the entry. The statement of the origin is written as follows;
(Fr. basse, court )
1. The language of origin.
2. The actual form of the word itself or its chief element in that language.
3. The literal meaning in that language or a brief indication of the sense involved.
The abbreviations of the languages are as follows:
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